"In debug mode, Microsoft Word contains code in the idle loop that checks the integrity of the document object every few seconds. This helps to detect data corruption quickly, and it makes for easier error diagnosis." (#)
Location: 14,180 large-scale storage systems such as HDFS and Amazon S3 do not fully trust disks: they run background processes that continually read back files, compare them to other replicas, and move files from one disk to another, in order to mitigate the risk of silent corruption (#)
Location: 14,193 I hope that in the future we will see more self-validating or self-auditing systems that continually check their own integrity, rather than relying on blind trust [68] (#)
Location: 14,258 Cryptographic auditing and integrity checking often relies on Merkle trees [74], which are trees of hashes that can be used to efficiently prove that a record appears in some dataset (and a few other things) (#)